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<h1 class="start">Arch of Titus</h1>
<img src="line_gold.png" class="line2">
<img src="titus_cropped.png" class="start"><table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">[[Start->Instructions]]</th>
</tr>
</table><h1 class="start">Instructions</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<p class="info2">Welcome to the Arch of Titus app!
Before you start the experience, read below to learn how to use this app.
If you ever need help during the experience, click Instructions on the menu.</p>
<hr>
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<div class="column1a">
<h2 class="start">Menu</h2><p class="info">Click the <img src="menu_icon.png"> button to close and open the menu.
On the menu, you will find shortcuts to pages in the app and a link to the Rome Reborn Website.
</p></div><div class="column2a"><img src="instructions_start2.png" class="start6" align="left"></div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="row1a">
<div class="column1a">
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/705ec9092d434b1f992e85746f83b6a1/embed?ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe><h4 class="start">Practice on this model!</h4></div>
</div><div class="column2a"><h2 class="start">3D Model Viewer</h2><p class="info">In this app, there are 3D Models of the Arch of Titus. The 3D models will have <strong>annotations</strong> that will have information about the arch. To follow the annotations click the right arrow at the bottom of the screen.
<img src="annotation.PNG" class="start">
You can also move the model around to see more details on the arch. If you are viewing on a <strong>computer</strong>, scroll to zoom, left click to rotate, and right click to move the model. If you are using a <strong>touchscreen</strong> device, pinch to zoom the model, drag with one finger to rotate it, and drag with two fingers to move the model. To see the model in fullscreen, click that double arrows in the bottom right-hand corner of the screen. To exit fullscreen press "Esc".
</p></div>
</div>
<hr><div class="row1a"><div class="column1a">
<h2 class="start">Glossary</h2><p class="info">At the bottom of each page, you will find the next and back buttons and the glossary button. If you can’t remember a term or need to see the layout of the arch, click on the question mark and find the definition or reference image. Click return at the bottom of the glossary page to return to the page you were on before.
</p></div>
<div class="column1a"><img src="instructions_glossary2.png" class="start6" align="left"></div>
</div>
<table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->Start]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->Introduction]]</th>
</tr>
</table><h1 class="start">Introduction</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<div class="row1a">
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<h2 class="start">The Arch</h2><p class="info">The Arch of Titus was dedicated to the memory of the recently deceased Emperor Titus in 81 CE. His successor was his younger brother Domitian, who is assumed to have played a key role in its commissioning. It is located in a part of Rome filled with monuments created by Titus' family, including the Colosseum and Temple of Peace, both built by Titus' father Vespasian. He was the first of the family to rule as emperor.</p></div><div class="column1a">
<img src="intro_titus.JPG" class="start6" align="left"></div>
</div><div class="row1a"><div class="column1a">
<h2 class="start">Vespasian and Titus</h2><p class="info">Vespasian was the emperor of Rome from 69 CE to 79 CE. During his reign, he was known for being frugal, which helped the treasury to recover from the excesses of his predecessor Nero. He fell ill and died in 79 CE.
Titus became emperor after the death of Vespasian. Titus finished the construction of the Colosseum started by his father. Titus was emperor during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius on the Bay of Naples. He died of an illness in 81 CE. He was succeeded by his younger brother Domitian, who ruled until he was assassinated in 96 CE.
<span style="color:#005845; font-size:15px;">To the right, you can view 3D models of sculptures of
Vespasian (above) and Titus (below).</span></p></div>
<div class="column2a">
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/d1f62c348c84437e93120d346e851ec5/embed?ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div>
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/b8efdfaf70df41e6981bdf404e8e80b6/embed?ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div>
</div></div>
<table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->Instructions]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->Elements]]</th>
</tr>
</table><h1 class="start">Elements of the Arch</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/429050fffd9a44ababac063297e892cb/embed?annotation=1&ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
</div>
<p class="info2">Now learn about the layout of the Arch of Titus by viewing it from all angles. Click the right arrow at the bottom to go through the annotations. When you are finished, explore the model by moving it around!</p><p class="load">For help with the 3D model click [[here->Model Help]].
</p><table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->Introduction]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->AncientRome]]</th>
</tr>
</table><h1 class="start">Layout of the Arch</h1>
<img src="line_gold.png" class="line"><table class="center">
<tr>
<th>
<<click "West ">><<replace "#map">><img src="layout_west.PNG" class="start9"><</replace>><<replace "#map2">>The narrative of the arch starts with the west side. The west side of the arch features three reliefs. The round relief in the center is called a roundel. It shows the Moon goddess, Luna.<</replace>><</click>>
</th>
<th>
<<click "South ">><<replace "#map">><img src="layout_south.PNG" class="start7"><</replace>><<replace "#map2">>The south side continues the narrative and has multiple reliefs on almost every flat surface. Zoom in on any relief and look closely. Can you guess what is happening?<</replace>><</click>>
</th>
<th>
<<click "East ">><<replace "#map">><img src="layout_east.PNG" class="start9"><</replace>><<replace "#map2">>Like the western side, the eastern side has three reliefs. Can you see the similarities and differences? Notice the roundel in the middle. It features the sun god, Sol.<</replace>><</click>>
</th>
<th>
<<click "North ">><<replace "#map">><img src="layout_north.PNG" class="start7"><</replace>><<replace "#map2">>The north side is the ending to the story of the arch and shows the civilian duties of the emperor. Zoom in on any relief and look closely. Can you guess what is happening?<</replace>><</click>>
</th>
</tr>
</table>
<div id="map"><img src="layout_west.PNG" class="start7"></div>
<div id="map2" style="text-align:center;font-size:25px;"></div>
<table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
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<th style="text-align:center;">[[Return|previous()]]</th>
</tr>
</table><h1 class="start">Inscription</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/dc65c9fd77934526883478f6d9567023/embed?annotation=1&ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
</div>
<p class="info2">The inscription on this arch was changed after the death of Septimius Severus. Originally, both Caracalla and Geta were honored on the arch. At first, the inscription was the following:</p><p class="info3">The Senate and People of Rome, to Imperator Caesar Lucius Septimius Severus, son of Marcus, Pius Pertinax Augustus, Father of his Country, Parthicus Adiabenicus, Supreme Pontiff, vested with the Tribunician power for the eleventh time, acclaimed Imperator for the eleventh, Consul for the third, Proconsul, and to Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, son Lucius, Augustus Pius Felix, vested with the Tribunician power for the sixth time, Consul, Proconsul and <span style="color: white"> <i>to Publius Septimius Geta, son of Lucius, most noble Caesar</i></span> for restoring the state and extending the empire of the Roman people by their signal virtues at home and abroad.
</p><p class="info2">However, after Septimius Severus died, Caracalla murdered his brother Geta in order to gain sole control of the Roman Empire. Once emperor, Caracalla sanctioned the memory of his brother by deleting his name from the arch. This is called <i>damnatio memoriae</i>. The arch now reads: </p><p class="info3">The Senate and People of Rome, to Imperator Caesar Lucius Septimius Severus, son of Marcus, Pius Pertinax Augustus, Father of his Country, Parthicus Abiabenicus, Supreme Pontiff, vested with the Tribunician power for the eleventh time, acclaimed Imperator for the eleventh, Consul for the third, Proconsul, and to Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, son Lucius, Augustus Pius Felix, vested with the Tribunician power for the sixth time, Consul, Proconsul and <span style="color: white"> <i>Father of his Country most excellent and valorous Princes </i> </span>for restoring the state and extending the empire of the Roman people by their signal virtues at home and abroad.</p><p class="info2">Click on the model to see the text in Latin on the arch!</p>
<table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->Layout]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->Timeline]]</th>
</tr>
</table><h1 class="start">Quiz</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="titus_cropped.png" class="start">
<p class="info2">Now take a quiz to test your knowledge of the arch!
There are 10 questions about the arch and its reliefs.
Click [[here->Glossary]] if you want to review important vocabulary in the glossary before taking the quiz.</p>
<table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->Modern]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->Question 1]]</th>
</tr>
</table><h1 class="start">Glossary</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line"><p class="info2">Below you will find information about the arch including its architectural elements, important people, and important terms.</p>
<h2 class="start">Element of the Arch</h2>
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/429050fffd9a44ababac063297e892cb/embed?annotation=1&ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
</div>
<h2 class="start">Important People</h2><div class="row1a"><div class="column1a">
<h2 class="start">Vespasian</h2><p class="info">Vespasian was the emperor of Rome from 69CE to 79CE. During his reign, he was known for being a frugal ruler and helped restore the treasury of Rome. He died in 79 CE from an illness.</p></div>
<div class="column2a">
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/d1f62c348c84437e93120d346e851ec5/embed?ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div></div></div><div class="row1a"><div class="column1a">
<h2 class="start">Titus</h2><p class="info">Titus became emperor after the death of Vespasian. Titus is well known for finishing the construction on the Colosseum started by his father. Titus was also the emperor during the Mount Vesuvius eruption. He died in 81 CE also from an illness.</p></div>
<div class="column2a">
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/b8efdfaf70df41e6981bdf404e8e80b6/embed?ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div></div></div><div class="row1a"><div class="column1a">
<h2 class="start">Domitian</h2><p class="info">Domitian is the younger brother of Titus. He was the emperor after Titus died from illness. Domitian is assumed to have played a key role in commissioning the Arch of Titus.</p></div>
<div class="column2a">
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/8cda8588aabd45249b89013a4a609449/embed?ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe></div></div></div><div class="row1a">
<div class="column1a">
<h2 class="start">The Frangipani family</h2><p class="info">The Frangipani family was one of the most powerful in Rome starting in the 11th century. They convert the Colosseum and the Arch of Titus into personal fortifications.</p></div>
<div class="column2a"><img src="Piranesi-Titusbogen_1748_sm.png" class="start6" align="right"></div>
</div><div class="row1a">
<div class="column1a">
<h2 class="start">Giuseppe Valadier</h2><p class="info">Giuseppe Valadier was the architect in charge of restoring the Arch of Titus. He used travertine for the parts of the arch that needed to be recreated.</p></div>
<div class="column2a"><img src="canaletto.png" class="start6" align="right"></div>
</div>
<h2 class="start">Important Terms</h2>
<h3>Lictors</h3><p>body guards <h3>Travertine</h3><p>a white stone that from afar resembles the white ancient marble of the arch, but it has imperfections that can be easily seen when viewed from close up</p>
<table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center;">[[Return|previous()]]</th>
</tr>
</table>Learn about the Arch of Titus and take a quiz to test your knowledge!A Rome Reborn App[img[rr_logo_sm_gold.png][Start]][img[start_scroll.png][Start]]
[img[instructions_scroll.png][Instructions]]
[img[glossary_scroll.png][Glossary]]
[img[quiz_scroll.png][Quiz]]
[img[rr_scroll.png][https://https://www.romereborn.org/]]
[img[footer6.png][https://www.romereborn.org/]]Double-click this passage to edit it.<h1 class="start">The End</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="titus_cropped.png" class="start">
<p class="info2">If you want to learn more about the Arch of Titus, click on one of the resources below.
<a href="https://smarthistory.org/the-arch-of-titus/">Smarthistory: Arch of Titus</a>
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Titus">Encyclopaedia Britannica: Titus</a>
</p><p class="info2">If you want to learn about another Roman arches
go to the <a href="https://www.romereborn.org/arch-of-constantine/arch_quiz.html">Arch of Constantine</a> or <a href="https://www.romereborn.org/arch-of-septimius-severus/arch_ss_quiz.html">Arch of Septimius Severus</a> website!</p>
<h1 class="start">Elements of the Arch</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/9ad267427fe44972a09062f949ccd22a/embed?annotation=1&ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
</div>
<p class="info2">Now learn about the layout of the Arch of Septimius Severus by viewing it from all angles. Press the play button and then the right arrow at the bottom to go through the annotations. When you are finished, explore the model by moving it around!</p>
<p class="load">For help with the 3D model click [[here->Model Help]].
</p><table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
<tr>
<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->Introduction]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->AncientRome]]</th>
</tr>
</table><h1 class="start">Help with 3D Model</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<div class="row1a">
<div class="column1a">
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/705ec9092d434b1f992e85746f83b6a1/embed?ui_infos=0" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe><h4 class="start">Practice on this model!</h4></div>
</div><div class="column2a"><h2 class="start">3D Model Viewer</h2><p class="info">In this app, there are 3D Models of the Arch of Titus. The 3D models will have <strong>annotations</strong> that will have information about the arch. To follow the annotations click the right arrow at the bottom of the screen.
<img src="annotation.PNG" class="start">
You can also move the model around to see more details on the arch. If you are viewing on a <strong>computer</strong>, scroll to zoom, left click to rotate, and right click to move the model. If you are using a <strong>touchscreen</strong> device, pinch to zoom the model, drag with one finger to rotate it, and drag with two fingers to move the model.
</p></div>
<table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center;">[[Return|previous()]]</th>
</tr>
</table><h1 class="start">Question 2</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="question2_lg.png" class="quiz2"><h2 class="quiz">What was the succession of emperors?</h2><p class="quiz">
<<button "A: Vespasian → Domitian → Titus" "Q2 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain2 to "Correct answer: Vespasian → Titus → Domitian">><</button>>
<<button "B: Vespasian → Titus → Domitian" "Q2 Explain">><<set $points += 1>><<set $explain2 to "Correct!">><</button>>
<<button "C:Titus → Vespasian → Domitian" "Q2 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain2 to "Correct answer: Vespasian → Titus → Domitian">><</button>>
<<button "D: Titus → Domitian → Vespasian" "Q2 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain2 to "Correct answer: Vespasian → Titus → Domitian">><</button>>
</p><h1 class="start">Question 1</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="question1.png" class="quiz"><h2 class="quiz">Where is the intrados of the arch?</h2><p align="center">
<<button "A" "Q1 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain to "Correct answer: D">><</button>><<button "B" "Q1 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain to "Correct answer: D">><</button>><<button "C" "Q1 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain to "Correct answer: D">><</button>><<button "D" "Q1 Explain">><<set $points += 1>><<set $explain to "Correct!">><</button>>
</p>
<<set document.getElementById("story").style.marginLeft = "5em";>>
<<set document.getElementById("ui-bar").style.visibility = "hidden";>><h1 class="start">Question 4</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="question4_lg.png" class="quiz2"><h2 class="quiz">How did Vespasian and Titus die?</h2><p class="quiz"><<button "A: died in battle" "Q4 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain4 to "Correct answer: illness">><</button>>
<<button "B: killed by senate" "Q4 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain4 to "Correct answer: illness">><</button>>
<<button "C: illness" "Q4 Explain">><<set $points += 1>><<set $explain4 to "Correct!">><</button>>
<<button "D: poisoned by Domitian" "Q4 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain4 to "Correct answer: illness">><</button>>
</p><h1 class="start">Question 4</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="question4_lg.png" class="quiz2"><h3 class="quiz"><<print $explain4>></h3><h3 class="quiz">[[Next->Question 5]]</h3>
<h1 class="start">Question 3</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="intro_titus.JPG" class="quiz"><h2 class="quiz">Why was the Arch of Titus built?</h2><p class="quiz">
<<button "A: To honor Titus after his death" "Q3 Explain">><<set $points += 1>><<set $explain3 to "Correct!">><</button>>
<<button "B: To honor fallen soldiers in the battle against Judaea" "Q3 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain3 to "Correct answer: To honor Titus after his death">><</button>>
<<button "C: To celebrate Titus becoming emperor" "Q3 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain3 to "Correct answer: To honor Titus after his death">><</button>>
<<button "D: To celebrate the construction of the Colosseum" "Q3 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain3 to "Correct answer: To honor Titus after his death">><</button>>
</p><h1 class="start">Results</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<h3 class="quiz">
<<if $points gte 10 and $points lte 10>>
Score: 10/10
<<elseif $points gte 9 and $points lte 9>>
Score: 9/10
<<elseif $points gte 8 and $points lte 8>>
Score: 8/10
<<elseif $points gte 7 and $points lte 7>>
Score: 7/10
<<elseif $points gte 6 and $points lte 6>>
Score: 6/10
<<elseif $points gte 5 and $points lte 5>>
Score: 5/10
<<elseif $points gte 4 and $points lte 4>>
Score: 4/10
<<elseif $points gte 3 and $points lte 3>>
Score: 3/10
<<elseif $points gte 2 and $points lte 2>>
Score: 2/10
<<elseif $points gte 1 and $points lte 1>>
Score: 1/10
<<elseif $points gte 0 and $points lte 0>>
Score: 0/10
<<else>>
ERROR Try Again!!
<</if>>
</h3>
<h3 class="quiz">[[End]]</h3>
<<set document.getElementById("story").style.marginLeft = "20em";>>
<<set document.getElementById("ui-bar").style.visibility = "visible";>><h1 class="start">Question 1</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="question1.png" class="quiz"><h3 class="quiz"><<print $explain>></h3><h3 class="quiz">[[Next->Question 2]]</h3>
<h1 class="start">Question 2</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="question2_lg.png" class="quiz2"><h3 class="quiz"><<print $explain2>></h3><h3 class="quiz">[[Next->Question 3]]</h3><h1 class="start">Question 3</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="intro_titus.JPG" class="quiz"><h3 class="quiz"><<print $explain3>></h3><h3 class="quiz">[[Next->Question 4]]</h3><h1 class="start">Question 5</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="question5.png" class="quiz2"><h2 class="quiz">Where is this relief located on the arch?</h2><p class="quiz">
<<button "A" "Q5 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain5 to "Correct answer: B">><</button>><<button "B" "Q5 Explain">><<set $points += 1>><<set $explain5 to "Correct!">><</button>><<button "C" "Q5 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain5 to "Correct answer: B">><</button>><<button "D" "Q5 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain5 to "Correct answer: B">><</button>>
</p><h1 class="start">Question 5</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="question5.png" class="quiz2"><h3 class="quiz"><<print $explain5>></h3><h3 class="quiz">[[Next->Question 6]]</h3><h1 class="start">Question 9</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="Piranesi-Titusbogen_1748_sm.png" class="quiz"><h2 class="quiz">What was the Arch of Titus converted into during the Middle Ages?</h2><p class="quiz"><<button "A: marketplace" "Q9 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain9 to "Correct answer: fortress">><</button>>
<<button "B: church" "Q9 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain9 to "Correct answer: fortress">><</button>>
<<button "C: fortress" "Q9 Explain">><<set $points += 1>><<set $explain9 to "Correct!">><</button>>
<<button "D: museum" "Q9 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain9 to "Correct answer: fortress">><</button>>
</p><h1 class="start">Question 9</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="Piranesi-Titusbogen_1748_sm.png" class="quiz"><h3 class="quiz"><<print $explain9>></h3><h3 class="quiz">[[Next->Question 10]]</h3><h1 class="start">Question 10</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="canaletto_lg.png" class="quiz"><h2 class="quiz">What was the material that the architect Giuseppe Valadier used to repair the Arch of Titus?</h2><p class="quiz"><<button "A: marble" "Q10 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain10 to "Correct answer: travertine">><</button>>
<<button "B: wood" "Q10 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain10 to "Correct answer: travertine">><</button>>
<<button "C: clay" "Q10 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain10 to "Correct answer: travertine">><</button>>
<<button "D: travertine" "Q10 Explain">><<set $points += 1>><<set $explain10 to "Correct!">><</button>>
</p><h1 class="start">Question 10</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="canaletto_1742-1744.jpg" class="quiz"><h3 class="quiz"><<print $explain10>></h3><h3 class="quiz">[[Results]]</h3><h1 class="start">Question 6</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="titus_relief1.jpg" class="quiz"><h3 class="quiz"><<print $explain6>></h3><h3 class="quiz">[[Next->Question 7]]</h3><h1 class="start">Question 6</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="titus_relief1.jpg" class="quiz"><h2 class="quiz">What is happening in this relief?</h2><p class="quiz">
<<button "A: Romans stealing the objects from the Temple of Jerusalem" "Q6 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain6 to "Correct answer: Romans carrying the objects taken from the Temple of Jerusalem into Rome">><</button>>
<<button "B: Romans shopping at a marketplace" "Q6 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain6 to "Correct answer: Romans carrying the objects taken from the Temple of Jerusalem into Rome">><</button>>
<<button "C: A religious parade through Rome" "Q6 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain6 to "Correct answer: Romans carrying the objects taken from the Temple of Jerusalem into Rome">><</button>>
<<button "D: Romans carrying the objects taken from the Temple of Jerusalem into Rome" "Q6 Explain">><<set $points += 1>><<set $explain6 to "Correct!">><</button>>
</p><h1 class="start">Question 7</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="titus_relief2.jpg" class="quiz"><h3 class="quiz"><<print $explain7>></h3><h3 class="quiz">[[Next->Question 8]]</h3><h1 class="start">Question 7</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="titus_relief2.jpg" class="quiz"><h2 class="quiz">What is happening in this relief?</h2><p class="quiz"><<button "A: Vespasian on his triumphal quadriga being led by Luna, the goddess of the moon" "Q7 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain7 to "Correct answer: Titus riding in the procession into Rome">><</button>>
<<button "B: Titus riding in the procession into Rome" "Q7 Explain">><<set $points += 1>><<set $explain7 to "Correct!">><</button>>
<<button "C: Titus riding into battle in Judaea" "Q7 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain7 to "Correct answer: Titus riding in the procession into Rome">><</button>>
<<button "D: Domitian riding in the funeral of Titus" "Q7 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain7 to "Correct answer: Titus riding in the procession into Rome">><</button>>
</p><h1 class="start">Question 8</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="titus_relief2.jpg" class="quiz"><h2 class="quiz">Who are lictors?</h2><p class="quiz"><<button "A: Bodyguards" "Q8 Explain">><<set $points += 1>><<set $explain8 to "Correct!">><</button>>
<<button "B: Leaders of the Senate" "Q8 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain8 to "Correct answer: Bodyguards">><</button>>
<<button "C: Roman soldiers" "Q8 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain8 to "Correct answer: Bodyguards">><</button>>
<<button "D: Priests" "Q8 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain8 to "Correct answer: Bodyguards">><</button>>
</p><h1 class="start">Question 8</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="titus_relief2.jpg" class="quiz"><h3 class="quiz"><<print $explain8>></h3><h3 class="quiz">[[Next->Question 9]]</h3><h1 class="start">The Arch of Titus</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/4b98e748cf594064845b622766b49b2f/embed?annotation=1&ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
</div><p class="load">For help with the 3D model click [[here->Model Help]].
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<h2 class="start">The Rebellion in Judaea</h2><p class="info">The two panels on the Arch depict the triumphal procession of Vespasian and Titus through Rome in celebration of the conquest of Judaea. In 66 CE under Nero, a rebellion against Roman rule broke out in Judaea, a small province in the area of modern-day Israel which then, too, had a Jewish population. Vespasian was sent to lead the army tasked with putting down the revolt. In 68 CE, Nero committed suicide, and a struggle ensued among four men who contended to be the new emperor. One of them was Vespasian, so in 69 CE he left Judaea for Rome. He put his son Titus in charge of the army. Titus prevailed over the Jews in 71 CE. Among the spoils he brought to Rome for his triumph were valuable cult objects from the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem.</p></div>
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<h2 class="start">The Procession Panel</h2><p class="info">One panel depicts the triumphal procession carrying the objects taken from the Temple of Jerusalem into the city. These spoils include holy objects such as a Menorah, sacred trumpets, and the showbread table. Once the parade had finished, they were deposited in the Temple of Peace, where they remained until late antiquity. When the Vandals sacked Rome in 455 CE, they took these objects as spoils back to their kingdom in North Africa. In 534 CE, the Byzantine general Belisarius defeated the Vandals and brought the temple treasures to Constantinople. After that date, they vanish from the historical record.</p></div><div class="column1a">
<img src="http://pages.iu.edu/~gcreekba/arch_t/titus_relief1.jpg" class="start6" align="left"></div></div><div class="row1a"><p class="info3">"...the most impressive spoils [carried in the triumphal procession] were those captured in the Temple of Jerusalem. They included a golden table, which weighed many talents of gold, and a candelabrum that was also made of gold, but in a way different from what we are accustomed to in everyday life. Rising from the base was a central column. From it spread out thin branches in the manner of tridents. At the end of each branch was a lamp. They were seven in number indicative of the special place that number has for the Jews. Finally, the last of the spoils was a copy of the Jewish Law."<br><span style="color: white"> <i>--Josephus, Jewish Wars 7.5.132ff</i></span></p></div><div class="row1a">
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<h2 class="start">The Quadriga Panel</h2><p class="info">
The second panel depicts Titus on his triumphal quadriga (four-horse chariot) being led by Victoria, the goddess of Victory. The Senate and the Roman people are represented in the panels through two figures on the left of the panel. The man wearing a toga represents the Senate and the man with a naked torso represents the Roman people. The other figures include <b>lictors</b> (bodyguards), civil servants and Virtus, who represents manliness and virtue.</p></div>
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<h2 class="start">Apotheosis of Titus</h2><p class="info">After their deaths, Vespasian and Titus were both deified by the Senate and were considered gods. The inscription on the arch states: </p><p class="info3">“The Senate and the Roman people (dedicate this) to the deified Titus Vespasian Augustus, son of the deified Vespasian”</p><p class="info">This inscription is a public declaration of the deification of Vespasian and Titus, previously given by the Senate. In the intrados of the arch, there is a bust of Titus being carried aloft by an eagle. Like the inscription, this relief symbolizes the deification of Titus.
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<img src="inscription.jpg" class="start6" align="left">
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<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->Elements]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->Modern]]</th>
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</table><h1 class="start">Ancient Rome: Procession & Death of Emperors</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
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<h2 class="start"></h2><p class="info">Upon their entry back to Rome, Emperor Vespasian and Titus were greeted with a triumph procession. In this procession, they displayed their spoils taken from the Temple of Jerusalem along with the prisoners of war.</p></div>
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<h2 class="start">The Arch</h2><p class="info">"After these spoils passed by a great many men, carrying the images of victory: whose structure was intirely either of ivory, or of gold. After which Vespasian marched in the first place: and Titus followed him. Domitian also rode along with them; and made a glorious appearance, and rode on an horse that was worthy of admiration."</p></div><div class="column1a"><img src="emperor_ves_titus.png" class="start6" align="left"></div>
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<h2 class="start"></h2><p class="info">Vespasian was emperor until 79 after dying from illness. Titus succeeded his father and ruled from 79 until 81. During this time, Titus was known for completing the Colosseum and ruling during the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. Titus died in 81 from illness like his father and was succeeded by his younger brother Domitian. Vespasian and Titus were both deified by the Roman Senate.</p></div>
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<table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
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<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->AncientRome]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->Timeline3]]</th>
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<h2>2017</h2>
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<h2>2016</h2>
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<h2>2015</h2>
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<h2>2007</h2>
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</div>Double-click this passage to edit it.<h1 class="start">Ancient Rome: Building the Arch and Inscription</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
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<h2 class="start"></h2><p class="info">Domitian ordered the construction of the Arch of Titus in 81 CE to honor Titus after his death and commemorate the victory of Vespasian and Titus over Judaea.</p></div>
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<h2 class="start">The Arch</h2><p class="info">After year of fighting, the Romans prevailed over Judea in 71 AD and pillaged the Temple of Jerusalem. This win was not only significant for Rome, but also for Emperor Vespasian and his son Titus. They came from a new lineage of Emperors and they were looking for any way to consolidated their power. Conquering Judea helped them achieve this.</p></div><div class="column1a"><img src="emperor_ves_titus.png" class="start6" align="left"></div>
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<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->Timeline2]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->Timeline4]]</th>
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</table><h1 class="start">The Arch in Modern Times</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<div class="ratio-16-9">
<iframe class="ratio-inner" src="https://sketchfab.com/models/9ad267427fe44972a09062f949ccd22a/embed?annotation=1&ui_infos=0;autostart=1&preload=1" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; fullscreen; vr" mozallowfullscreen="true" webkitallowfullscreen="true"></iframe>
</div>
<p class="info2">Now learn about the layout of the Arch of Septimius Severus by viewing it from all angles. Press the play button and then the right arrow at the bottom to go through the annotations. When you are finished, explore the model by moving it around!</p>
<p class="load">For help with the 3D model click [[here->Model Help]].
</p><table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
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<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->Timeline3]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->Modern]]</th>
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</table><h1 class="start">Later History of the Arch</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
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<h2 class="start">Middle Ages</h2><p class="info">In the Middle Ages, the Arch of Titus was converted into a fortress by the Frangipani family. The family was one of the most powerful in Rome starting in the 11th century. Indicative of their status in the city was the fact that they were able to convert the Colosseum and nearby Arch of Titus into private fortifications.</p></div>
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<h2 class="start">19th Century</h2><p class="info">By the 19th century, ancient Roman monuments like the Arch of Titus were worn down from centuries of weathering and repurposing. Canaletto's illustration of the ruinous condition of the arch in 1748 can be seen on the left. The 19th century saw the birth of scientific archaeology in Rome and elsewhere. From 1817 through the 1820s, it was restored to its ancient appearance by architect Giuseppe Valadier. He cleverly used <b>travertine</b> for the parts of the arch that needed to be recreated. Travertine is a white stone that from afar resembles the white ancient marble of the arch, but it has imperfections that can be easily seen when viewed from close up. So Valadier made his restorations compatible with but distinguishable from the surviving ancient elements. Valadier's version of the arch is what is seen today in Rome.</p></div><div class="column1a">
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<h2 class="start">Recent History</h2><p class="info">In recent years, research on the arch has continued with the project of Yeshiva University to study of the lost painting on the historical reliefs. Thus far, the project has studied the Menorah and showed that it was painted yellow. This is consistent with ancient descriptions that it was made of gold. The discovery of yellow pigment has encouraged the Yeshiva team to apply for permission to continue the project.</p></div>
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<table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
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<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->AncientRome]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->Quiz]]</th>
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</table><h1 class="start">Modern Rome</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
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<h2 class="start"></h2><p class="info">By the 19th century, Ancient Roman monuments like the Arch of Titus were worn down from centuries of weathering and repurposing. Artist Canaletto captured the Arch of Titus in ____.</p></div>
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<h2 class="start">The Arch</h2><p class="info">With the birth of archaeology, major Ancient Roman monuments were subject to restorations, including the Arch of Titus. Raffaele Stern started the renovation in 1817. In 1821, Giuseppe Valadier took over the restoration until its competition in 1822.</p></div><div class="column1a"><img src="emperor_ves_titus.png" class="start6" align="left"></div>
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<h2 class="start"></h2><p class="info">Valadier made certain choices during the restoration of the Arch to emphasize what he added to its architecture and what remained from Classical times. Valadier used a type of material called travertine instead of marble to make these distinctions.</p></div>
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<table style="width:100%;font-size: 1.5em;">
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<th style="text-align:left;">[[Back->Modern]]</th>
<th style="text-align:center;">[img[glossary_small.PNG][Glossary]]</th>
<th style="text-align:right;">[[Next->Quiz]]</th>
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</table><h1 class="start">Question 2</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="question2_lg.png" class="quiz2">
<h2 class="quiz">What was the succession of emperors?</h2><p class="quiz">
<<button "A: Vespasian → Domitian → Titus" "Q2 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain2 to "Correct answer: Vespasian → Titus → Domitian">><</button>>
<<button "B: Vespasian → Titus → Domitian" "Q2 Explain">><<set $points += 1>><<set $explain2 to "Correct!">><</button>>
<<button "C:Titus → Vespasian → Domitian" "Q2 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain2 to "Correct answer: Vespasian → Titus → Domitian">><</button>>
<<button "D: Titus → Domitian → Vespasian" "Q2 Explain">><<set $points += 0>><<set $explain2 to "Correct answer: Vespasian → Titus → Domitian">><</button>>
</p><h1 class="start">Question 2</h1><img src="line_gold.png" class="line">
<img src="http://pages.iu.edu/~gcreekba/arch_ss/quiz.png" class="start4">
<h3 class="quiz"><<print $explain2>></h3>
<h3 class="quiz">[[Next->Question 3]]</h3><<set $points to 0>>